The Black Death A Silent, Catastrophic Killer - 1326 Words

The Black Death: A Silent, Catastrophic Killer In 1347, merchants arrived in Sicily from a trading trip in China. They carried Chinese goods on board with them, but they harbored an unknown killer, as well. Hiding on the rats living on board the cargo vessel was the bacteria Yersinia Pestis, or what would later become known as the Black Death.The Black Death was a disease that destroyed much of Europe’s population throughout the 14th century. This rodent-borne disease was a huge obstacle in human progress, as it killed millions of people and destroyed the existing economic and social structures. The Black Death caused one of the greatest disaster-recovery events in recorded human history, killing over 40% of the European population at†¦show more content†¦This is when the plague was introduced to Europe. Not long after landing in Sicily, the plague spread to other Italian cities and towns before making its way to Marseilles (off the southern coast of France). In 1348, this deadly plague arrived in Bordeaux, France and then England later in that same year. An infected ship carrying wool departed from England and headed to Scandinavia in 1349. The Black Death solidified itself in ,Scandinavia and as it wreaked havoc upon much of Europe, it was also spreading to Poland, Denmark, Germany, and finally Russia in 1351. After making a circular path throughout Europe, the plague eventually disappeared back into Asia. However, while the Black Death itself may have disappeared in Europe, its effects still reverberated even as decades passed. After the Plague had dissipated in Europe, its effects and hindrances on the lives of the survivors showed in many forms. Daily life was not the same after the epidemic. Life was much more desolate. Joseph P. Byrne describes it as such in his book Daily Life During the Black Death, â€Å"What the urban denizen, villager, and traveler alike confronted were the horrors of the great mortality. Along city streets rumbled tumbrels piled high with the sick destined for the pest house and the dead to be swallowed by mass graves. Bodies, some with life still faintly within, were dumped unceremoniously in alleyways and ditches and courtyards by parents andShow MoreRelatedSoftware Testing6201 Words   |  25 Pagesconsultants and programming tools dedicated to making sure the modern world doesn t come to a screeching halt on the first day of the next century. [Bugs] In a computerized embedded world, the quality and reliability of software is a matter of life and death. Quality means the conformance to the specified design requirement. Being correct, the minimum requirement of quality, means performing as required under specified circumstances. Debugging, a narrow view of software testing, is performed heavilyRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 PagesGeography.â€â€" Schall 68) History Luscious fare is the jewel of inordinate desires, cautions the author of The Gentlewoman s Companion (1673), one of many early modern conduct books I surveyed this past year for an honors thesis entitled Chaste, Silent, and Hungry : The Problem of Female Appetite in Early Modern England, 1550-1700. As indicated by the title, this project explores a provocative but as of yet scarcely studied facet of early modern gender constructions: female food desire. I useRead MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 Pagesdo-or-die battle after a 800-km trek from Bhopal that took them 33 days. 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After the game I went into the dressing room, I hadn t exactly planned some raging attack†¦ But I wasn t happy, to use mild words, and in the dressing room my enemyRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagescommercial services on March 17,2000. 2000 November: Iridium assets are acquired for $25 million. 2000 December: U.S. Defense Department signs $72 million contract for services using Iridium satellites. 354 THE RISE AND FALL OF IRIDIUM catastrophic failure. We designed satellites with little redundancy and lowered the cost of building a satellite by a factor of ten. We did not need space qualified parts, which were incredibly expensive and not very reliable because of their low volumes. WeRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pages In 1972 the historic United Nations Conference on the Human Environment took place in Stockholm, leading to the creation of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). In 1972 the ‘Limits to Growth Report’ of the Club of Rome projected a catastrophic future if growth continued at the same rate, and many groups called for ‘zero growth’. The reaction of companies, governments and academics to such gloomy environmental prophecies varied widely. In 1987 the United Nations World Commission on EnvironmentRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesPublications Ltd from Clegg, S., Modern Organizations: Organization Studies in a Po stmodern World, Copyright  © Sage Publications 1990; Figure 6.1  © Tate, London 2006; Table 6.1 adapted from The postmodern turn in educational administration: apostrophic or catastrophic development? in Journal of School Leadership Vol 8, originally published in Postmodern Theory, The Guilford Press (Best, S. and Kellner, D. 1991); Table 6.2 from Postmodernism and Social Sciences: Insights, Inroads and Intrusions, Princeton UniversityRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pageshistory. The film will be directed by new-wave director Elliot Cznerzy and will combine concert footage and behind-the-scenes interviews spanning the 25-year history of the rock band the Echos. In addition to great music, the film will focus on the death of one of the founding members from a heroin overdose and reveal the underworld of sex, lies, and drugs in the music industry. Probability ROI 80% 12% 50% 14% 20% 18% PROJECT PROPOSAL 4: ESCAPE FROM RIO JAPUNI An animated feature set in the Amazon

Traditional Health Care System May Also Integrate Harmful

Traditional health care system may also integrate harmful traditional practices or at least trust in the importance of such practices. Therefore educating the traditional practitioners in specific and the community in general is significant (Addis et al., 2002). Even though traditional health schemes are locally manageable and culturally pertinent, they must first be condensed safe. Most importantly, poor certification, lack of standardization, and the nonappearance of regulatory mechanisms for traditional heath care practice in many countries were seen as difficulties to be resolved (Bodeker et al., 2000). 1.3 TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND DRUG DISCOVERY FROM PLANTS For centuries individuals have used plants for curing. Fossil records date†¦show more content†¦Because of its popularity, convenience and affordability, more than 80% of the people in the area continued to trust on it for their health care desires (WHO, 2003). Introduction of modern medicine unaccompanied does not sufficiently provide for the inclusive or fundamental health care requirements of developing countries. Subsequently in many societies the practice of instantaneous use of traditional and western medicine continues. Indeed it is always been problematic to reach deprived people with development support, particularly in health care where most possessions benefit the middle classes in urban hospitals. Thus traditional medicine is frequently the only reasonable and available form of health care (Patwardhanm, 2005). Many modern drugs have their origin in ethnopharmacology (Cox and Balick, 1994). A survey of pharmacopoeias of established and emerging countries was done to determine whether ethnobotanical evidence did indeed lead to valuable drug discovery. The review showed that from 122 compounds recognized in the study, 80% of the compounds were castoff for the same (or related) ethnobotanical determinations. Information grounded on long-term use of plants by humans (ethnomedicine) likely helps to isolate harmless active compounds from plants than isolating vigorous compounds from plants with no history of human use (Fabricant and Farnsworth, 2001). Thus in its place of relyingShow MoreRelatedMental Health Care Services For Rural Communities Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pagesother mental health care services, are often lacking in rural communities. According to the American Psychological Association (APA), rural areas suffer from chronic shortages of mental health care professionals. Providers who do practice in rural communities are less likely to be available to the public since they are overwhelmed with the amount of clients they serve. There is often a shortage of health care services and residents in rural communities often have t o travel to receive care, which makesRead MoreGlobalization : The World And Created Unity Out Of Great Diversity Essay1542 Words   |  7 Pagesincreasingly knitted 　　together the world and created unity out of great diversity. Coca Cola, Disney and McDonald’s symbolize the process, along with Sony, Shell Oil and IBM. They are products known and consumed from Ulan Bator to Little Rock - and also powerful companies that drive globalization forward, creating new laws, new business practices, new ways to eat and drink, new hopes and dreams. 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Alternatively, Nola Pender introduces a health promotion model that encourages the communityRead MoreClinical Trials And Its Effects On The Public Health Care Arena2654 Words   |  11 Pagesvolunteer reporting by health care professionals (HCP) and mandatory reporting by drug developers/manufacturers, this field of study is essential in the improvement of patient outcomes and safety. Its peripheral importance lies in contributions to cost effectiveness and risk management in the public health care arena. 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Used appropriately, they can be lifesaving procedures. Routine use, without valid indication though, can transform childbirth from a natural physiologic process and family event into a medical or surgical procedure. Every intervention presents the possibility of unwanted effects and subsequent

American Express Diversity Free Essays

American Express continues to be the one biggest company for selling financial products and is one of the most stable. Established in 1850 in New York, American Express Company was among the first and most successful express delivery businesses to arise during the rapid westward expansion of the United States (American Express Website, 2008). With over 150 years of experience in handling the business, the company is continually eyeing global expansion and international growth. We will write a custom essay sample on American Express Diversity or any similar topic only for you Order Now The company employs a large number of employees from across Asia and Northern America. That includes different nationalities, cultures, with different ideologies, sects and religion. This shows how diverse American Express is. Diversity is generally defined as acknowledging, understanding, accepting, valuing, and celebrating differences among people with respect to age, class, ethnicity, gender, physical and mental ability, race, sexual orientation, spiritual practice, and public assistance status (Green, et. al, 2002). Now, how does American Express manages this kind of corporate setup? This is where leaders emerge. The company trains potential leaders through series of leadership enhancing courses with its goals, objectives and target outputs and film showing about the importance of working in a team. But first, leaders are asked on their knowledge of every individual employee’s human and cultural diversity. A Leader should be a motivational one, the kind who could open employees mind to working towards diversity. One must also show the big picture of its importance to the growth of the company and who will reap its benefits. Every conflict of ideas or differences must be resolved immediately through the ombudsmen department. All of these are needed to create synergies to maximize profit. American Express has created the Global Diversity and Inclusion. This will bridge the gap rooting from the immediate conflict on a local are to escalate into a network scene and the identification of diversity related arguments. All are monitored from the smallest department. Launching sports festivities and lunch and learn activities are effective ways of interacting all employees. Employees are allowed to express their opinions in the company. The workplace operates with respect for each other. The knowledge that leaders get from training modules are translated to the employees. The management sees to it that diversity is always practiced in the company. All are treated equally and if not, immediate actions are imposed. Although, discrimination still exists, all are advised to take it away. All opinions will be heard. Hispanics, Asians, Blacks, Muslims and employees of other religion work for the company. They may have their groups according to their faith, but all are working towards the corporate goals. Differences on faith are strongly respected. This shows how diverse the working place is. The company strives hard in leveraging these cultural gaps. Employees are all given equal opportunities as to be promoted or as to climb the corporate ladder. No one is given preferential treatment based on their ethnicity or color. This has been the most important practice of the company to promote diversity. Anyone who noticed that such wrongdoings can file complaints in the ombudsman department or any complaint centers. The importance of diversity reflects the company’s success. The operations in other countries are stronger for local employees talk to customers in their national language and know how to relate to them. This help the company expand faster and grow stronger. This also strengthens one of American Express corporate values, TEAMWORK, we work together, across boundaries, to meet the needs of our customers and to help the company win (American Express Website, 2008). References: American Express Website. (2008). Becoming American Express: 150+ Years of Reinvention and Customer Service. Retrieved, October 5, 2008, from http://home3. americanexpress. com/corp/os/history. asp Green, Kelli A, Mayra Lopez, Allen Wysocki, and Karl Kepner. (July, 2002). Diversity in the Workplace: Benefits, Challenges, and the Required Managerial Tools. Retrieved, October 5, 2008, from http://edis. ifas. ufl. edu/HR022 American Express Website. (2008). Our Values, Teamwork. Retrieved, October 5, 2008, from http://home3. americanexpress. com/corp/os/values. asp How to cite American Express Diversity, Papers

Total Quality Management for Education- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theTotal Quality Management for Education and Training. Answer: MAIN LEARNING POINTS (limit your answer to the required space) Summarize the paper highlighting the main points. (in 1 page) The report mainly discusses about the link between the human resource management practices and the total quality management in the organizations. It has been analyzed in the report that births of these approaches are strategic in nature and are aligned with the organizational strategies of the company. Some of the HR related functions has been discussed that directly linked with TQM. These practices are HRM planning, employee engagement, performance management, education and training, wellbeing and morale and communication. There are four areas of SHRM that is strategic human resource management which is linked with the elements of TQM. The first one is work organizations. In this area, the focus of SHRM is on flexibility and team based working and TQM also values team work and flexibility. Planning and staffing is the next area that has been discussed. The other two areas are training and development and performance appraisal and remuneration. It has been concluded firm the discussi on that there are many similarities are wells as contradiction in TQM and human resource management. The actual differences lies in the area of performance related pay and performance appraisal but all the other similarities overlaps these differences. CRITICAL ANALYSIS (limit your response to the required space) Do you disagree with any of the paper parts? Why? (in page) As far as the overall paper is considered, it has been analyzed that every point that has been discussed in the paper makes sense but only a single point that is related to the contradiction between TQM and performance appraisal and pay does not supported by my agreement. This is because, according to my knowledge, it is the performance appraisal method or the process that suggest that whether quality has been focused or not (Nirmala Faisal, 2016). It cannot be made a general statement that both these statements are not linked or are not aligned together. In fact, if the organization makes the performance appraisal on the basis of quality as well as quantity than the employees will also focus on delivering quality work? Are the study methodology and its findings applicable to other or all industries? Why? (in page) According to my study, it has been analyzed that there are two companies or cases that has been discussed. One is the company called Tubemakers that operates in many industries such as Structural and Engineering, Fluid Conveyance, Precision Products and Industrial Merchandising while Coastline is the company that operates in manufacturing industry. It has been identified that both of the companies have almost similar theories and practices when the HRM and TQM is considered. There were not wide differences. This suggests that the findings of the study can be implied on any of the industry because HRM focuses on people and every industry is dependent on its human resources. TQM focuses on quality of work they provide and every industry wants to provide quality products and services (Youssef, Youssef Ahmed, 2014). It is just the matters of the elements involved otherwise; all the policies have similar basis in terms of HRM and TQM in each and every industry (Yang Yang, 2013). Practical Implications (in one page) Do you think that this study is appropriate for the GCC region? Why? GCC is the region that includes six states in it. It has been analyzed that it is a need f hour for that region to develop their human resources working in their companies. As far as the findings of this research are considered, it is related to the linkage between total quality management and the HRM practices. Various studies have argued about the bad HR practices of GCC region which are being imported from other places (Attafar, Shahin Kheradmandnia, 2016). The region needs to develop their own national resources by providing them skills so that they do not have to look for other areas for the skilled employees. This study is partially appropriate of the GCC region because it is the study that can be implied in the companies of GCC region only when the company recruited the skilled labor and focus on developing the quality of the resources they are hiring (Izvercian, Radu, Ivascu Ardelean, 2014). The implications of this study in GCC region companies have a futuristic concern an d thus its not fully appropriate. Future Directions (in one page) What will you do to take this research a step further? As far as this research is considered, it has been analyzed that this paper clearly identifies the differences and the similarities between Human resource management practices and the total quality management concepts. The analysis of this research can be used to further analyze the integrated practices that can be used by the organizations in order to attain the quality and the quantity of work from the employees by practices those integrated policies in the company. This research suggests that TQM is very much linked with the human resource practices in the company thus, different industries can be selected in the further research to analyze the similar objective in those industries to identify whether it is same for other industry as well or not. Difference between the linking pattern in HRM and TQM in different industries can also be analyzed (de Menezes Wood, 2015). References: Attafar, A., Shahin, A., Kheradmandnia, M. (2016). The impact of TQM practices on organizational learning case study.International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,33(5), 574-596. de Menezes, L. M., Wood, S. (2015, August). Quality Management, Job-related Contentment and Performance: an empirical analysis of British workplaces. InEvidence-based HRM: a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship(Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 106-129). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Izvercian, M., Radu, A., Ivascu, L., Ardelean, B. O. (2014). The impact of human resources and total quality management on the enterprise.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,124, 27-33. Nirmala, B. P., Faisal, A. M. (2016). A literature review of TQM and HRM for identification of appropriate critical success factors (CSFs).IJAR,2(7), 742-745. Yang, C. C., Yang, K. J. (2013). An integrated model of the Toyota production system with total quality management and people factors.Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing Service Industries,23(5), 450-461. Youssef, E. M., Youssef, M. A., Ahmed, A. M. M. (2014). Total quality management intensity and its impact on HRM practices in manufacturing firms.International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management,13(4), 495-512.

The Maltese Falcon By Dashiell Hammett (1894 - 1961) Essays

The Maltese Falcon by Dashiell Hammett (1894 - 1961) The Maltese Falcon by Dashiell Hammett (1894 - 1961) Type of Work: Detective mystery novel Setting San Francisco; 1920s Principal Characters Sam Spade, a young hard-boiled detective Miles Archer, Spade's older partner Brigid O'Shaughnessy, a beautiful young woman (alias Miss Wonderly) Joel Cairo, an effeminate gangster-type Casper Gutman, a rotund, older man Iva Archer, Archer's wife and Spade's mistress Story Overveiw Effie Perine, secretary to private detective Sam Spade, opened his door to announce that a client, Miss Wonderly, was there to see him. A stunning young woman entered and shyly took a seat. She stammered and bit her lip as she tried to relate her story. Finally the detective assured her it would be best to begin at the beginning. Miss Wonderly said that she was concerned for her seventeen-year-old sister, who had run off with an older man named Thursby. She had arranged a meeting with Thursby for that evening, and now wanted to hire a detective to follow him from the meeting - straight to her sister, she hoped. Spade gave his partner, Miles Archer, the details of Miss Wonderly's case. She paid them two hundred dollars, and left with the agreement that Archer would tail Thursby that evening. That night Spade was awakened by a phone call: Archer had been murdered. Spaae rushed to the scene. According to the police ' Archer was shot with a British-made Webley revolver. Spade phoned his secretary and asked her to call Iva, his partner's wife, to break the bad news. Then he returned to his apartment. Sam had just "drunk his third glass Of Bicardi and was lighting his fifth cigarette" when the doorbell rang. It was the police; Lieutenants Dundy and Polhaus wanted to question Sam about the death of yet another man. Thursby, it turned out, had been shot outside his hotel shortly after Spade left the Archer murder scene. Considering the circumstances of Archer's death, the police reasoned Spade must have shot Thursby out of revenge. However, Spade refused to give the cops any information about the case. The next morning the detective had a visitor waiting for him at his office. Effie had tried to keep Iva Archer away, but she had come anyway. Sam was unhappy to see Iva, but still he kissed her. Then Iva asked him point-blank if he had shot her husband so he could marry her. Spade laughed and shook his head. After Iva had left, Spade took a taxi to the hotel where Miss Wonderly was staying, only to find that she had mysteriously checked out, leaving no forwarding address. Back at the office, Effie informed her boss that Miss Wonderly had called to ask him to meet her at a new hotel. Arriving at the hotel, "Miss Wonderly" confessed that her real name was Brigid O'Shaughnessy and that her story the day before was just that - "all a story." Spade also admitted that neither he nor Archer had bought her tale, but had indeed "believed the two hundred dollars." Brigid explained that she could not reveal the complete story of why Spade had been hired, but did say that she had earlier met Thursby in Hong Kong and feared that he would betray her. Then she announced that Tliursby had been Archer's killer; he had shot Archer with the Webley he kept in his overcoat. Sam agreed to continue working on the case. When Spade returned to his office, a gangster, Joel Cairo, was waiting to ask about the connection between the two murders. He confessed his interest was more than mere curiosity; it seemed that Cairo was searching for a missing black metallic bird - a falcon - and that, in some way, Thursby had been connected with the falcon's disappearance. Cairo was prepared to pav five thousand dollars for the statuette's return. Spade told him that when lie could get his hands on the bird, Cairo would be contacted. That evening, as Spade left his apartment to meet Brigid, he noticed a young punk following him. Spade quickly lost the tail and went to Brigid's hotel. Brigid became visibly upset on hearing of Cairo and the money he had offered for the "bird"; she believed that Spade intended to double-cross her, and before she would tell him anything more than what lie already knew, she would have to speak with Cairo herself. They decided to meet with the two-bit thug later that night at Sam's apartment. There, Brigid admitted that though she had no idea why the falcon was so important, she did know where it was hidden. But they would have to wait a

Historical relationship of the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos and How it is changing the environment.

Historical relationship of the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos and How it is changing the environment. Introduction Richard White studied at the University of Washington, Santa Cruz and the University of California. White is the author of the book The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos. Currently, he is a history professor at Stanford University.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Historical relationship of the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos and How it is changing the environment. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More White has worn several awards, such as the James A. Rawley Prize awarded by the Organization of American Historians, the Francis Parkman Prize from the Society of American Historians, and the Albert J. Beveridge Award of the American Historical Association, among them. Previously, Professor White taught at the Michigan State University, University of Utah, and University of Washington. His area of speciality includes Native Americans so cial change and dependency, corruption during the Gilded Age, and Environmental history as well as studying lakes, rivers and railroads. He has written several books which include The Remaking of the Columbia River: A History of the American West and The Organic Machine: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815, Its Your Misfortune and None of My Own: The Middle Ground. Within the United States history, narratives of American Indians remain marginalized. The need for a scholar to rise up and confront the paradigm of colonialism and narrate indigenous stories is imperative. This is because these stories are quite complex and worth being told accurately, and as such, the minorities are brought into the historical center so as they may be redeemed from the silence sideline. It goes without saying that the principal medium for indigenous voice is the ability of individuals to design their own history. In his book, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos, Richard White expounds on this concept by discussing three different case studies concerning the Navajo, Pawnee, and Choctaw tribes. In his study, White uses approaches and ideas from different fields, mainly ecology, history, and anthropology. As a major contributor to the American West history, White is of the view that there is a complexity that subsists between the aforementioned tribes, a growing capitalistic economy, and their surroundings. In an effort to explore these trends, White digs deep into the chronological prism of dependency. Book summary Whites argument which is opposite to other scholars’ arguments on the usefulness of dependency theory is basically inspired by Immanuel Wallenstein’s work, particularly on his submissions of The Modern World System. The use of Whites dependency theory in his narrative is very crucial as it explains how nations or even individuals are integrated i nto the wider system of capitalist economy.Advertising Looking for book review on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Likewise, in the argument advanced by White in his book The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos, he contends that through dependency theory, the struggle between periphery and center can be established (White 6). This model is a sufficiently detailed structure that encompasses environment, economy, politics, and culture as forces which contribute to the decline in the autonomy of the indigenous groups. Nevertheless, White is quick to observe that there are some shortcomings of the homogenized theory which are not accounted for by dependency. He further claims that one would be making a big blander to deny the conclusion of these histories since that would amount to reducing them into a cause that is simple and singl e while they are not. In the other chapter of the book, White uses an interdisciplinary approach by joining together findings from ecology, history, and anthropology. In every methodology, he presents his narrative of causes of an eventual indigenous decline and its dependence upon an economic system introduced by the Anglo- Europeans. Through the use of the anthropologic concept of assessing reciprocal effects of groups that are closely related, otherwise known as close controlled comparisons, White is able to analyze the experiences of Pawnee, Navajo and Choctaw tribes. It should however be noted that in his analysis, White only uses the micro analysis approach, thus failing to weigh up adoptions of other native tribes that are closely related to Pawnee, Navajo and Choctaw tribes. Throughout his case study, however, there is a clear illustration of the role played by the process of colonialism in marginalizing native people to a periphery socio economy, as well as stimulating the Anglo- European power. There were several factors that contributed to the decline of Choctaw tribe and the ultimate reliance on the economic system of Anglo- Europe. Some of these factors involved the environment and geographical landscape which this tribe inhabited. In their subsistence farming, the Choctaw group used basic irrigation method, this method of farming allowed them to gather crop yields and promote a united community with a solid political base. Nevertheless, the social harmony experienced by the Choctaw tribe was short-lived particularly with the arrival of the European explores and the Spanish merchants in the Choctaw community during the 18th century. There was a drastic turn of events and the community had no choice but to rely on the newly introduced Anglo-European system of economy which marked the beginning of their decline (White 9).Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Historical relationship of the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos and How it is changing the environment. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to White, however, the Choctaws group, unlike other two native groups, did much better as the Choctaws group had a well organized and solid political foundation. That notwithstanding, the Choctaws community did in fact experience decline. The aspect of reliance amongst the Choctaws community is ensued in a couple of ways. To begin with, the hunting practices of this native group, as well as the invasion of the European into their land, led to a great decline in the herds of the white-tailed deer in the hunting grounds of Choctaws group. Consequently, there were few resources left in their land as a means of survival and with the increase in the population and the intrusion of the Europeans, they were left with no choice but depend on the Anglo- European economy. This decline came to an end with the emergence of intertribal conflicts that ensued. There was a great conflict between native gropes such as the Choctaws and Chickasaws made the lands unsafe for everybody inhabiting them and the land became unutilized. The lack of use of land in the Choctaws community was brought about by the hostilities among different groups provided a fertile ground for the repopulation of the white-tailed deer, thus there was a restoration of ecological balance in the environment (White 6). Nevertheless, the subsistence patterns of Choctaws group were culturally maintained and historically derived, but not determined by their ecological landscape, the advent of new cultures from the European intruders, the approval of a new economy, as well as the destruction of diseases opened up new possibilities for change in both social and ecological spheres. The Choctaws economic system play-off was the second cause for Choctaws to rely on the Anglo- European economic system. After the demarcation of borderland enclaves by the French and the Britons, the Choctaw community ventured into a thriving commercial transition having the advantage of influencing the economic dealing powers of both, the English and French. The problem with such dealings was however in the perception of commercial trade held by each of the parties. In the perspective of the Europeans, trade was a means through which a group or an individual could benefit. In the perspective of the Choctaws traders, on the other hand, trade was a form of reciprocity and not a means of getting group or personal advantages. White contends that the Europeans, particularly the English realized that their perception of trade was different from that of the native group and they made every effort to eliminate this perception (12).Advertising Looking for book review on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In an effort to eliminate this perception, they encouraged credit debt system in the Choctaw markets by way of liquor trade and taking advantage of the Choctaw markets that were inelastic by nature. Consequently, dependency ensued with decline of the Choctaw market system. White observes that similar processes were experienced by the Navajos and Pawnees tribes. He contend that the existence of European market forces is similar to those introduced in the Choctaw markets which make them succumb to dependency were also introduced among the Navajos and Pawnees tribes thus inculcating new social order (White 8). This social order galvanized a partnership ethic among the Europeans and the Pawnees. The hunting methods were affected by environmental forces such as the population of deer which lead to the adaption of horticultural practices which were compatible with the new requirements of ecological landscape. Pawnee leaders were given gifts of horses from the European community so that th ey can intensify the buffalo hunting. This was within the larger plan of the Europeans to stratify themselves within the economy of the natives. Ultimately, the intertribal conflicts, the depopulation of the buffalo herds, and disease played a key role in the dependency levels among the Pawnees (White 11). According to White, the decline of the Navajo tribe emanated from the restrictive irrigation methods, poor soils which led to agricultural loss, and reduction in the population of livestock. This community had an economic system that was sheep based economy, and by 1930, the community had an approximately one million heard of sheep. The sheep market system used the number of sheep as a measure of economic value. The wealthy in the community would sometimes redistribute their earnings to the poor in the community. Sheep among the Navajo community did not only represent a means of successful financial gains but sheep were also part of the family and an iconic aspect in the culture o f Navajo tribe. Furthermore, another cause for Navajo dependence emanated from poor irrigation methods used by the tribes which led to the existence of arid soils in their landscape. There was a great problem of soil erosion, ineffectiveness in the system of irrigation and overgrazing which led to the decline of Navajo. The irrigation practices of the natives conflicted with the irrigation strategies of the Americans which resulted into muddled water use causing floods in the farms thus lowering their yields. In an effort to meet their needs, most of the native farmers opted to work for the white farmers and abandoned their own farms. Further, Dinà © compliance reinforced the impact of the BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs) and also the control of the United States government by John Collier (White 14). Critical analysis Even though there have been a number of publications regarding the American Indian groups history as well as their decline, there are very few of these publications th at address this subject in a thorough anthropological approach as it is in the narrative by Richard White. Through the use of anthropological analysis in the narrative of the indigenous Americans, the author avoids treating the Anglo- Europeans as the control group and the three native groups as a subject. In light of the foregoing, White is able to treat both, the European American and the three native groups (Indians) as susceptible players, subject to folly, misunderstanding, as well as panic. Another peculiar aspect of the book roots of dependency is the exploration of the economic structure of the Choctaw, Pawnee, and Navajo tribes during the pre- industrial period. From the narrative, we are able to learn that trade among the three indigenous groups profiled by White was quite different from the conventional trade as it was not driven by scarcity and prices, but rather trade among them was driven by reciprocal obligation and honor. The different perceptions and misconception o f what trade really meant among the two groups is a clear indication of a deep analysis undertaken by Richard White in his narrative on the three native groups in America. The analysis done by White on Choctaw, Pawnee, and Navajo tribes, shows that the contact with the European American and the consequences that followed tent to heavily rely on an obvious concept of criminalizing the role played by the European players. As such, the narrative is quite insidious in the sense that it diminishes the value of a historical narrative for the purposes of social relations in the contemporary world. White is of the view that the two later groups, that are thePawnee and Navajo tribes, were different from the Choctaw tribe in the sense that their dependency was a result of lack of a sophisticated social, environmental, and political process similar to that experienced by the Choctaws. In light of the foregoing contention, Jan Lewis (1986) argues that even though the narratives of Pawnee and Na vajo are important in White’s work; there is a clear indication of the authors inclination towards the Choctaw story. The imbalance that is straightforward in his work could be an indication of an attempt by the writer to relate the aforementioned three native tribes under the dependency theory, even though every group is complex in its own individual way. There are other weaknesses manifested inRichard Whites work. The author has frequently employed racial labels such as the word white to symbolize Europeans. The authors classification of English traders as rapists, knaves, reprobates for all purpose, and murderers, is a clear indication of racial generalization. The author also fails to apposite economic agency to the Navajo, Pawnee, and Choctaw. It should be noted that trading among the native groups did exist long before the invasion of the European traders. A number of scholars contend that the acts of giving gifts amongst the indigenous groups are a clear indication tha t trading existed. The argument advanced by White opposing other scholars’ arguments on the usefulness of dependency theory is basically inspired by Immanuel Wallenstein’s work, particularly in his submissions on The Modern World System. According to George H. Phillips, the dependency theory is critical in explaining how states or individuals are integrated into the wider system of capitalist economy. Through the use of the anthropologic concept of assessing reciprocal effects of groups that are closely related, otherwise known as close controlled comparisons, White was able to analyze the experiences of Pawnee, Navajo and Choctaw tribes(7). It should however be noted that in his analysis, White only uses the micro analysis approach, thus failing to weigh up adoptions of other native tribes that were closely related to Pawnee, Navajo and Choctaw tribes (Phillips 5). One cannot deny the fact that the threat of force from the Europeans is basic to the histories of Pawnee , Navajo and Choctaw tribes, nevertheless, citing military as a cause for their decline would be misleading for a couple of reasons. To begin with, the changes experienced in the subsistence system of these native groups had began long before the arrival of the whites, and thus the establishment of their military was not the cause of the change per se. In this respect, it is worth noting that the Navajo community was for a century the scourge of both, the Mexicans and Spanish in the south west. The Pawnees community, on the other hand, intimidated and sometimes destroyed any form of expedition hurled by Mexico against them. They were also resistant to the threats from America for a considerable period. The Choctaw community in the eighteenth century was by far too powerful for English and French. It goes without saying that according to White; military inferiority among the three tribes was not the main cause of their decline and eventual dependency, as this aspect was evolved littl e by little over a period of time. The analysis of these three native groups by Richard White brings out the fact that not all attempts by the Europeans were consistent or successful to bring the indigenous labor, land and resources into the market. It follows therefore, that this unifying factor ties together the histories of the Pawnee, Navajo and Choctaw tribes and also, within these histories, these groups were tied to the social and environmental changes of every individual group. This contention negates both, crude materialism and economic determinism. Among the three native groups, market relations were destructive and threatening development, this brought about resistance to such development within these groups, the resistance was short lived (Driben 6). According to White, the economics of the Pawnee, Navajo and Choctaw tribes were basically controlled by culture. In an effort to appreciate change in these native groups, it would be prudent to assess the common influences o f environment, politics, economics and culture. The result of these changes among Pawnee, Navajo and Choctaw tribes was indeed dependency. The concept of dependency theory advanced by Richard White in his analysis of the three native groups is a borrowed idea from Immanuel Wallenstein’s work; particularly in his submissions on The Modern World System. The dependency theory is very crucial in explaining how stats or even individuals are integrated into the wider system of capitalist economy (Carlson 4). Dependency therefore denotes a situation in which the economic system of a particular group is influenced by the expansion and development of another economy. This may only happen in instances where the former is subject to the latter influences due to some forces. The decline of the subsistence system of Pawnee, Navajo and Choctaw tribes as well as their amalgamation into the Anglo- European market system resulted into an increased dependency of these three native groups on th e capitalist system, intense social and political changes within their social structure, and also the lack of economic option. Notwithstanding the fact that these historic events are quite extreme, Whites analysis depicts these results as a clear indication of the function of dependency theory. Initially, the Pawnee, Navajo and Choctaw tribes were able to house, feed, and cloth themselves without any kind of assistance, nevertheless, the three groups little by little resorted to the Europeans for food security, as well as clothing (Driben 7). During the initial stages, the natives obtained manufactured items and cloths from the Europeans through various exchanges such as military services, goods, land or even labor. At this stage however, the terms and conditions of such exchange were within the control of the native groups. As time went on, the terms and conditions of these exchanges were determined by the Europeans, and the natives were left with no choice but to comply with such conditions. Ultimately, the European invaders dictated what was expected to be exchanged, the way in which such exchange must have been done, what the natives were supposed to be given, and even how they were supposed to use what they received. The concept of dependency theory as advanced by White is clearly brought out in the sense that the aforementioned events rendered the three native groups absolutely superfluously, so to speak. They no longer had control over their own resources and they entirely relied on the Anglo- Europeans. This also threatened loss of their identity. Conclusion The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos by Richard White is a indeed a groundbreaking interdisciplinary assessment of the European contact with the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos cultures and its disastrous consequences on the indigenous Americans. Richard White focuses on the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos tribes and makes an at tempt to isolate and identify different factors that played a significant role in the material collapse of the three native groups. The book is widely acclaimed for the new approach to the history of indigenous Americans, as well as the well built thesis. The methodology used by Richard White in his book The Roots of Dependency, is quite different compared to other traditional historians. This is particularly notable in the use of interdisciplinary method which joins together findings from ecology, history, and anthropology in his investigation, and also includes the perspective of the indigenous Americans into his work. In his narrative, the author begins by assessing the Choctaw community from Mississippi during the period between the 16th century and 18th century. The author gives a chronology of how the Choctaw community initially adapted to the influences of the Anglo- Europeans, which ultimately resulted into a catastrophe. During this period, as the forces of Anglo- European economic system made their way into the economic system of the Choctaw community, they were forced by circumstances to overhunt which lead to drastic depopulation of the deer herds and their eventual extinction. This also led to the destruction of their environment, economy and their resources, all these led to the decline of Choctaw tribe and the eventual dependency (Driben 32). In The Roots of Dependency, White further contends that alcohol was also another factor that played a significant role in the decline of the Choctaw community. He claims that in order to appreciate the predicaments experienced by the Choctaw community, one has to consider the critical role played by the market economy of the Europeans. The author assert that the Choctaw community was enticed into the Anglo – European market system by liquor and from then henceforth the exchanges of goods and services were determined by the Europeans. As such, this native group was left susceptible and hungry. Their r esistance did not help them much and eventually, the Choctaw community became greatly dependent on the Europeans for food and cloth supply. The author in his narrative is of the view that the Navajos and Pawnees tribes went through the same processes as the Choctaw community. He narrated that the existence of European market forces was similar to those introduced in the Choctaw markets, making them vulnerable to the whims of the Europeans. These forces were also introduced among the Navajos and Pawnees tribes thus inculcating a new social order. The decline of the Navajo tribe emanated from the restrictive irrigation methods, poor soils which led to agricultural loss, and reduction in the population of livestock. This community had an economic system that was sheep based, the community had an approximately one million heard of sheep by 1930. The sheep market system used the number of sheep as a measure of economic value. Sometimes, the wealthy in the community would redistribute the ir earnings to the poor. Sheep among the Navajo community did not only represent a means of successful financial gains but also they were part of the family and an iconic aspect in the Navajo culture. Poor irrigation methods used by the Navajo tribe and the existence of arid soils in their landscape are also cited by the author as another cause for Navajos dependency. There was a great problem of soil erosion, ineffectiveness in the system of irrigation and overgrazing which led to the decline of Navajo. The irrigation practices of the natives conflicted with the irrigation strategies of the Americans which resulted into muddled water use causing floods in the farms, thus lowering their yields. In an effort to meet their needs, most of the native farmers opted to work for the European farmers and abandoned their own farms. Further, Dinà © compliance reinforced the impact of John Collier control of the United States government and also the emergence of BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs) . The social order introduced by the Europeans galvanizes a partnership ethic among the Europeans and the Pawnees. The Pawnee community embarked on massive hunting which drastically reduced the population of the deer. These hunting methods were affected by environmental forces, such as the population of deer which led to the adaption of horticultural practices which were compatible with the new requirements of ecological landscape. White, in his narrative, content that the leaders of the Pawnee community were given horses by the Europeans for the purpose of intensifying their hunt for buffalos. This move by the Europeans was within the larger plan of the Europeans to stratify themselves within the economy of the natives. Ultimately, the intertribal conflicts, the depopulation of the buffalo herds, and disease played a significant role in solidifying the Pawnees levels of dependency on the Europeans. Richard White borrows the concept of dependency theory from Immanuel Wallenstein. Th is dependency theory is espoused by Wallenstein in his renowned book The Modern World System. The concept of dependency is used to depict a situation in which the economic system of a particular group is influenced by the expansion and development of another economy. This may only happen in instances where the former is subject to the latter influences due to some forces. The dependency theory is very crucial in explaining how states or even individuals are integrated into the wider system of capitalist economy. Finally, In the Roots of Dependency, there are several aspects used by the narrator that fuel criticisms. To begging with, White, the narrator, has frequently employed racial labels such as the word white to symbolize European. Secondly, the author in his narrative makes an attempt to pigeonhole English traders as rapists, murderers, knaves, and reprobates for all purpose; this is an outright generalization of a particular race as discussed above (Carlson 43). Carlson, Leon ard. â€Å"Economic History†. The Journal of Economic History 44.3 (1984): 887-889. Print. Driben, Paul. â€Å"The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and the Navajos.† American Ethnologist 12. 2 (1985): 396 – 397. onlinelibrary.wiley.com. Web. Lewis, Jan. â€Å"Southern History.† The Journal of Southern History 52. 3 (1986): 446-447. Print. Phillips, George H. â€Å"Richard White. The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos†. The Journal of American History 71. 2 (1984): 370. Print. White, Richard. The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1983. Print.

Ban Cell Phones While Driving Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ban Cell Phones While Driving - Research Paper Example Nobody has any doubt in using the cell phones during our daily activities; however, cell phone usages at the time of driving should be restricted considering the accidents it can cause. Not only can the driver who used the cell phone, but innocent people also lose their life because of the accidents developed out of the driving with a cell phone. In other words, the consequences of rash driving are affecting both the driver and the innocent people. The driver who uses cell phones can argue that he is ready to accept the consequences; however, he cannot compensate others if they lose their lives because of irresponsible driving. There is nothing wrong in using the cell phones while driving a vehicle. But, if it is essential, the driver should park the vehicle somewhere before using the phones. Even if he failed to attend an incoming call while driving, he can call back the person and after parking the vehicle. â€Å"Using a cell phone while driving is as dangerous as driving with a blood-alcohol level of .08- the point at which drivers are considered intoxicated in most U.S. states†(Bauer). Many people believe that using cell phones while driving has nothing to do with the driving prowess of the driver. They are unaware of the fact that driving requires more than 1005 concentration. The coordination of hands, legs, and the brain is important for safe driving. Cell phone usages while driving will force the driver to give some attention to the words of the person on the other end of the phone.

Midterm Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Midterm - Assignment Example H1: There is no difference in the mean rating of participants by the different judges in the different levels. 4th step: Alpha (level of significance) = .05 5th step: dftotal = 15 – 8 = 7 dfBT = 8 – 8 = 0 dfWT = 15 – 8= 7 6th step: Critical F value = 314.659 Multivariate Testsa Effect Value F Hypothesis df Error df Sig. Partial Eta Squared Noncent. Parameter Observed Powerc Country Pillai's Trace .883 314.659b 7.000 293.000 .000 .883 2202.613 1.000 Wilks' Lambda .117 314.659b 7.000 293.000 .000 .883 2202.613 1.000 Hotelling's Trace 7.517 314.659b 7.000 293.000 .000 .883 2202.613 1.000 Roy's Largest Root 7.517 314.659b 7.000 293.000 .000 .883 2202.613 1.000 7th step: Tests of Within-Subjects Effects Measure: MEASURE_1 Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Partial Eta Squared Noncent. ... Results it can be concluded that there existed a statistically significant difference between the ratings given by the judges whereby, F (8, 393) = 314.659.74, P=.000 < .0005; Wilk's ? = 0.117, partial ?2 = .883 (see table below) Multivariate Testsa Effect Value F Hypothesis df Error df Sig. Partial Eta Squared Noncent. Parameter Observed Powerc Country Pillai's Trace .883 314.659b 7.000 293.000 .000 .883 2202.613 1.000 Wilks' Lambda .117 314.659b 7.000 293.000 .000 .883 2202.613 1.000 Hotelling's Trace 7.517 314.659b 7.000 293.000 .000 .883 2202.613 1.000 Roy's Largest Root 7.517 314.659b 7.000 293.000 .000 .883 2202.613 1.000 Method Participants the data is a product of the International Pancake-Flipping contest, where eight judges rated the flipping styles of 300 competitors. The number of participants is therefore 300 based on the flipping pancake contest and the respective judges ratings. The judges are randomly referred to as judge 1 to judge 8. The results are for different le vels across different countries across the 300 participants who form the study sample. A power analysis revealed that, for a one-way MANOVA with SMALL effect size (?2 = .883) and an alpha of .05, 300 participants yielded a power of 1.0. Design M ANOVA was used to determine whether there was a difference between the participants rating by the judges across the various levels of participation. The independent variables was the level of participation across the different countries while the dependent variable were the judges ranging from judge one to judge 8 in terms of rating, rated as either high or low. Materials The event organizers were submitted with consent

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) or Texas v. Johnson (1989) Research Paper

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) or Texas v. Johnson (1989) - Research Paper Example Selma, Alabama was the center of the Civil Rights Movement. Martin Luther King Jr. and 700 others were arrested during demonstrations against state regulations on voting. On the social front, miniskirts first made their appearance and health warnings were placed on packs of cigarettes. President Johnson signed into effect the Voting Rights Act, which ensured equality for all at the voting booth, by eliminating literacy tests and other barriers. He also signed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which initiated Title 1, which ensured remedial education for students in need, and the Head Start Program which began in May. In December of 1965, John and Mary Beth Tinker, and Christopher Eckhardt were members of a community group against the American involvement in the Vietnam War. John, fifteen years old, and Christopher, sixteen years old, were high school students in Des Moines, Iowa. Mary Beth, John’s sister was a thirteen year old junior high student. To demonstrate their objections and to promote their support for a holiday truce, they decided to wear black armbands from December 16 to New Year’s Day (Cornell University Law School). The school authorities in Des Moines discovered in advance the plan of the students to wear the armbands, and issued a policy on December 14 stating that any student wearing armbands would be sent home and suspended until they could return to school without them. Their fear was that the armbands would create a disturbance to the school environment, especially considering that a school graduate had been killed in the Vietnam War. Two days following the issuance of the new school policy, the above-mentioned students wore the black arm bands. The students were aware in advance of the new policy. After school officials requested that they remove the armbands, they refused. The students were then sent home suspended from school, and returned

Relationship Between Management Theory and Practice

Relationship Between Management Theory and Practice In this answer the relationship in between management theory practice is clearly defined, starting with defining the meaning of management theory, later on the relation in between the two is highlighted followed by a critical review conclusion. WHAT IS MANAGEMENT THEORY? Management theory is a lens that allows people to interpret modes of management, to identify a particular set of problems and to seek a variety of solutions to those problems. Management practices in different organisations depend on the theories that are applied either explicitly or implicitly (Soriano, 2009). RELATION IN BETWEEN MANAGEMENT THEORY PRACTICE Every living practioner is prisoner to the ideas of a dead theorist(Mullins, 2007, p.40). Management theory is a critical element that helps in the production of knowledge, bringing transparency, accountability and accessibility to the research practice (Brownlie, 2007). Theories are perspectives with which people try make sense of their experiences. The relation between theory practice is very important as without theoretical knowledge it is impossible to put the skills into practice and make the right decisions. Theory gives deep understanding and allows manager to view the problems from different perspectives which leads to decision-making practice. In relation to the problems faced by organisations today, without understanding the basics of it, without knowing the case in depth, it becomes difficult to come to the right decision and solve the problem which causes the delays in decisions results(Stoner et. al. 1995, pp. 31-2). Thus, Six Sigma a system ofÂÂ  practices ev olving from best management theories was developed by Motorola in the 1980s to improve processes by eliminating defects (Pande, 2007). It is therefore very important for people leading the organisations to have a good theoretical knowledge. CRITICAL REVIEW As per a report in The Sunday Times (2009), in the last two decades, management theory, once rejected in Britain by both unions and management, has been deliberately implied on almost every aspect of commercial and public life (Billen, 2009). This act of blindly implying theories into practice is incorrect moreover certain beneficial management practices are the ones not mentioned in management theories. As stated by Gary Hamel in The Future of Management, several leading executives-including Sergey Brin and Larry Page (the Google Guys) and John Mackey of Whole Foods Market, never went to business school had no knowledge of management theories, still their management practices were successful (The Econmist, 2007). In most of the organisations there appears a gap between theory and practice of management, this problem is attributed to converting research knowledge into practice to solve this researchers propose a method of engaged scholarship in which researchers and practitioners coproduce knowledge that can advance theory and practice in a given domain (Ven et. al, 2006). CONCLUSION In managing, as in any other field, unless practitioners try to learn by trial and error method, there is no place they can turn for meaningful guidance other than the knowledge underlying their practice; this knowledge is theory. Managers who attempt to manage without management theory must put their trust to luck, intuition, or their experience in the past. A management who makes serious attempts to translate management theory into practice is bound to increase productivity more than a management which chooses to use the fire brigade or trial and error approach (Weirich, 2004). Q:Explain the main difficulties in studying personalities; how is this of importance to organisations? A: INTRODUCTION: In this answer, the difficulties in studying personalities are highlighted, by defining the meaning of personalities mentioning the reasons for the difficulties. Later on, the importance of understanding personalities to organisations is mentioned followed by a conclusion. MEANING OF PERSONALITY: As per Websters Dictionary Personality is derived from the latin word persona, which means mask as in mask worn by actors on stage or role as in ones role in life, so personality is essential character of a person (David Knights and Hugh Willmott, 2007, p.80). Difficulties in Studying Personalities:Â   No two individuals have exactly the same personalities, as stated in The New York Times (2009) It is said that parents of one child believe that upbringing determines personality, but parents with two children believe in genetic tendencies. The evidence points to something more complex: genetic predispositions interact with circumstances to produce unique individuals (Aamodt Wang, 2009). So, studying personalities is a complex task as the techniques that are used to collect group data is questionable and the outcome that comes from it is inappropriate in understanding personalities because the richness and depth of an individuals personality cannot be revealed in superficial pen and papers questionnaires. The personality cannot be understood outside an individuals social context and has to be studied in the light of his/her own perceptions of the world. Moreover, the categories defined by psychologists to study personalities are quite narrow in depth and scope. We expect individuals behaviour to be consistent or stable, however it might not be true everytime, for e.g if a person has taken drugs or is under great stress he will not behave as per his personality traits (Mullins, 2004). Importance To Organisations: Those who manage or even aspire to manage organisations a vital part of their role is understanding human behaviour and psychology (Rollinson, 2005).Within the mainstream thinking and practice of management personality is seen as one of the most basic and fundamental features of an organisation (David Knights and hugh willmott, 2007, p.79). The study the personalities can help organisations in solving real problems that happen at the place of work. By using personality psychological research findings the organisations can hire better employees, decrease absenteeism, increase job satisfaction solve many other organisational problems related to work. Understanding of personality is required in various organizational processes for e.g. Selection Placement. As per Africa News (2005) personality is the key element organisations need to assess when recruiting people. Apart from such processes understanding personalities can help organisations in redesigning jobs to make them more meaning ful and satisfying to the employees which in turn will lead to healthy and productive workforce. An organisation should recognise and try to improve employees personality and talent so that certain positive and encouraging traits can be developed in them which would lead to better work atmosphere and attainment of common aims and goals (Paul M. Muchinsky, 2001). CONCLUSION It can thus be concluded that personality is a major factor that determines the success or failure of the individual but understanding personality is a complex process, so the organisations should be careful in selecting its employees by understanding their personalities should also try bring positive changes to their personalities for organisational success. Q: In what ways can an understanding of motivation theory contribute to successful organizational working? Illustrate your key arguments with organizationally based examples. A : INTRODUCTION In this answer, the importance of understanding motivation theories for organisations is mentioned, with the help of surveys, organizationally based examples press releases. In the beginning the different motivation theories are described in brief, followed by explanation of reasons for understanding them. WHAT IS MOTIVATION WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT MOTIVATION THEORIES? The term motivation derived from the Latin word movere, meaning to move (Kretiner, 1998). As per Robbins (1993) motivation is the willingness to put high levels of effort toward organizational goals, conditioned being the efforts should satisfy some individual need (Ramlall, 2004). The first theory of motivation was developed by FW Taylors was called Scientific Management Theory. Taylor believed money was the only motivator and that there should be a carrot and stick approach to motivate people. Those who worked hard should be rewarded, but those who didnt, penalties should be imposed. Other theorists proposed that this was not always the way to get the best out of people (The Times 100, 2010,Motivation how Egg unleashes the power of people). So there other motivation theories got evolved namely Content theories attempt to explain those specific things that actually motivate the individual at work Process theories that attempt to identify the relationship among the variables that make up motivation (Mullins, 2007). CONTENT THEORIES 1) Needs theories: Maslows hierarchy of needs theory identifies five major basic needs: a) physiological b) safety c) love/affiliation d) esteem e) self-actualization. This theory provided organisations ways of motivating employees by devising programs aimed at satisfying unmet needs (Ramlall, 2004). Champagne McAfee (1989), cited ways for organisations to meet the needs of their employees:-Physiological: Vending machines, Drinking fountains; Safety: retirement benefits, solving grievances, Rest periods; Affiliation: creating team spirit, using periodic praise; Esteem: Encouraging participation, giving training; Self-actualization: Encouraging creativity, providing challenges. LIMITATION: The level and type of employees need may vary, fulfilling some needs might be really costly(Ramlall,2004). 2) Herzbergs two-factor theory: As per Herzberg (1968) financial rewards do not always satisfy employees, as proposed by Taylor. This theory assumes that the absence of hygiene factors like salary, security, working conditions leads to demotivation amongst the employees whereas motivators like achievement, recognition, responsibility, nature of work leads to motivation (Quader Quader, 2008). This theory teaches organisation that for an employee to be motivated, his job must be fully enriched where he has the opportunity for achievement and recognition (Ramlall, 2004). LIMITATION: This theory can only be applied to manual workers the theory is methodologically bound (Mullins, 2007). 3) McClellands Achievement motivation theory: McClellands work originated from the relationship between hunger needs and the extent to which imagery of food dominated thought processes. McClelland saw the achievement need as the most critical need for the countrys economic growth and success. LIMITATION: The theory is generalised however, different people have different achievement needs (Mullins, 2007). PROCESS THEORIES: 1) Equity theory: Equity theory states that individuals are concerned not only with the absolute amount of rewards they receive for their efforts, but also with the relationship of this amount to what others receive. If they find any imbalance, tension is created people can do many things to remove this inequity. Therefore organizations must develop reward systems that are fair and equitable for all the employees (Ramlall, 2004). LIMITATION: It fails to specify what will people do to reduce the inequity/tension (Muchinsky, 2003). 2) Attribution theory: This theory suggests that behaviour is determined by a combination of perceived internal forces (skills, ability) and external forces(policies, weather) (Mullins, 2007). LIMITATION: If an employee performs well but the manager thinks this was due to luck, the appropriate recognition/reward may not be given employee will get demotivated. 3) Expectancy theory: As per this theory people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes (Kreitner Kinicki, 1999, p.227). This theory states that the task itself is key to employee motivation so organisations should follow job enrichment and job rotation to increase motivation. LIMITATION: Expectancy models are not always easy to understand, or apply in actual management (Mullins, 2007). 4) Goal-setting theory : It says individuals are motivated by specific difficult goals their behaviour revolves around the set goal (Gordon, 1996, p145). It helps organisations in gaining improved results as employees set specific goals directly related to their work (Mullins, 2007). LIMITATION : If goals are set at a very high level to achieve, performance suffers, especially over a longer period(Mullins,2007). LITERATURE REVIEW: In the past theories of motivation a lot of importance was given to recognition factor of motivation the only dependent variables were job satisfaction performance. Later on, Significant advances were made in understanding how culture, characteristics of the job, and the person-organization fit influenced motivation. Earlier, motivation was restricted to research findings of North Americans. There were clashes amongst theorists that existed throughout much of the twentieth century hence much of the energy was spent on destruction of theory rather than theory construction (Latham Pinder, 2005). WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THEORIES MOTIVATE EMPLOYEES? Organisational investments in employee motivation create obligations on the employees to reciprocate in positive ways, which, in turn, result in better organisational performance (Lee Bruvold, 2003). Moreover, motivation theory can go a long way towards helping us understand why people behave in the way they do. Armed with such knowledge, managers should be better placed to direct employee behaviour for the good of the organisation (Hannagan, 2005, pp. 350-351). As stated by Amer Zureikat, regional Manager, Bayt.com. in United Arab Emirates (2009), Organisations the world over are realising that successfully motivating staff on an ongoing basis is a fundamental element in building good rapport among staff, keeping staff loyal to the company and most of all maintaining optimal productivity levels of employees. This becomes even more crucial during these times of economic crisis, because news of job losses and an unstable future may serve to de-motivate employees significantly. MOTIVATION REDUCES ABSENTEEISM It is mentioned in The Irish Times that up to 50 to 80 per cent of an organisations total expenditure is on employees, even average absence levels can represent a serious expense in terms of reduced productivity and can reduce employee retention because of over-stretched staff. An initiative to lower absenteeism makes financial sense to the organisation. This can be done only if the motivation theories are understood put into practice (Madden, 2008). MOTIVATION IMPROVES PRODUCTIVITY PERFORMANCE: Georgopoulos et al.(1957) Porter Lawler (1967) found that employees for whom money was a motivator, performed better if more money was offered to them (Edwin A. Locke, 1970). West and Patterson suggest Where the level of satisfaction is generally high employees may be more motivated to engage in pro-social behaviours and make extra effort to help other departments and functions. Over thousands of instances of helping and motivating the employees show that it increases productivity and performance (Robin Fincham Peter Rhodes, 2005, p.232). MOTIVATION IMPROVES TEAMWORK CO-ORDINATION Certain gain-sharing programs, such as the Scanlon Plan, Improshare, or Rucker Plan, helps workers to get a share in productivity improvements. Such programs result in increased coordination, teamwork and knowledge sharing. They also contribute to better attainment of social needs, increased acceptance of change of technology and new methods. It causes more efficient management and planning, reduction of overtime for workers, increase in creativity and implementation of new ideas and more flexible labour and management relationship (Judith R Gordon, 1996). CASE STUDY BLACK DECKER: A new program Everyone Counts based on employees social self esteem needs as per the needs motivation theories was implemented at Black and Deckers Household Products division in Shelton. Everyone Counts, an employee incentive campaign, replaced the suggestion box and allowed teams of employees to provide cost saving, cost analysis and implementation suggestions. Thirty-nine teams were allowed to submit five ideas each in twelve weeks. One such idea is estimated to save the company over seven hundred dollars by substituting a new material in one of the product lines. Everyone counts also improved communications with upper management, increased employee involvement and allowed more centralisation of the employee work environment (Harris Kliener,1993). Examples to show the Link of Motivation with Organisational Success: American Express introduced an incentive plan for 10,000 employees in the consumer-lending and consumer card groups after a one year pilot program, during which 98 percent of 1,500 employees received bonuses of 4 percent of their salaries. The plan resulted in an increase in customer satisfaction, employee productivity and shareholder gains (Judith R.Gordon, 1996). Royal Bank of Scotland: RBS provides world-class employment package for every employee adopts an attitude that motivates its staff in both financial and personal ways. This helps RBS to compete for the best people and attract them to its business has lead to RBS being rated as one of the best employers in the world. Thus following motivation theories has proved beneficicial for RBS (The Times 100, motivating through total reward). CASE STUDY OF HONEYWELL: Honeywells Electro Optics Division was in serious financial trouble because of low employee morale. In order to motivate their employees they turned to the Boston office of Bernard Hodes for a motivational programme. Posters of the five great performers with their chosen quote were made and placed in the hallways. The five great performers were instant celebrities and everyone wanted to be one. It enhanced employees performance by the use of motivation. In six months Honeywell was out of the financial trouble (Harris Kliener, 1993). There are several examples to show importance of motivation, Some of the better known examples include the Digital Equipment Corporation plants at Enfield in America (Perry, 1984) and Ayr in Scotland (Buchanan McCalman, 1989). In Britain, empowered self-managing teams can also be found in The Body Shop, Unipart, Frizzell Financial Services, Ciba UK and in the Harvester Restaurant in Dulwich (Pickard, 1993).Many American companies have adopted motivating and team working methods, like Shenandoah Life Insurance, Harley-Davidson, Compaq, Cummins Engine Company, Procter Gamble, and General Motors (Hoerr et al., 1986; Hoerr, 1989; Peters, 1987) In most of these companies role of traditional first line supervisor was changed and in others they have been replaced by people who were more motivating (David Buchanan Andrzej Huczynski, 1997, p.96). CONCLUSION: Thus, with the different examples shown it can be concluded that by understanding the importance of motivation organisations can prosper, it can also be said that apart from money there are other motivators of great importance as well, like job security, challenging tasks and working together with colleagues in a good working environment. It has been seen that great organisations are the ones in which the employees are motivated to bring out the best in them. It is therefore very important for the organisations to understand that the employees are an organisations most precious asset anything that can be done to increase their capability should be done so that the returns come to the organisation.

Use of Theme, Setting, and Time in Ibsens Hedda Gabler Essay -- Hedda

Use of Theme, Setting, and Time in Hedda Gabler    Hedda Gabler, by Henrik Ibsen, is a work about a woman who manipulates the fates of others in order to fulfill her own desires. The title character is a woman who has recently returned from a six month "honeymoon" with her groom, Tesman, a man whom she does not love. She yearns for freedom, but she feels as if she cannot leave her marriage. To occupy her time, she manipulates the lives of everyone around her. Hedda kills herself after becoming engorged in her own manipulations. Through the use of theme, setting, and time period, Ibsen produces a work that uniquely portrays the sources of the motivations of this manipulative woman. Whether it be the burning of her former love’s manuscript or supplying him with the pistol to shoot himself, Hedda’s malevolence shows the ability of man to have total disregard for the life of another. Hedda coldly manipulates the lives of everyone around her. Through these manipulative actions, she ruins the lives of all of her acquaintances. Because she is not happy in her marriage, she attempts to forbid anyone else to live a content life. For example, after she persuades Eljert Là ¶vborg to consume alcohol, he ruins his reputation and loses something that is most precious to him: the manuscript of a book that he had been writing with Mrs. Elvsted. Although Hedda realizes the importance of this manuscript to both Là ¶vborg and Mrs. Elvsted, she chars it. Because Là ¶vborg and Mrs. Elvsted have put their souls into this manuscript, Hedda metaphorically relates her action to burning their child. This cold thoughtlessness demonstrates Hedda’s disregard for th e life of a fellow human being. Hedda’s actions ultimately lead to her demise. After giving ... ...nnot manipulate her own life. She does not want to remain in her marriage, but she lacks the courage to get out of it. Because of the times and her situation, she feels that she cannot leave her husband. It seems as if these manipulations are a sick form of entertainment for Hedda. One could regard this play as a purely feminist work or as the story of a woman who has no regard for human life. In either way in which it is regarded, Ibsen realistically portrays the motivations of Hedda Gabler through his use of theme, setting, and current events. Works Cited Hemmer, Bjorn. "The dramatist Henrik Ibsen." http://odin.dep.no/ud/nornytt/ibsen.html Ibsen, Henrik. Four Major Plays: A Doll’s House, Ghosts, Hedda Gabler, The Master Builder. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Mazer, Cary M. "Hedda Gabler." http://www.english.upenn.edu/~cmazer/hedda.html.

Elaborate on the Evolution of Human Resource Management

Ans: Kautilya provides a systematic treatment of management of human resources as early as 4th century B. C. in his treatise titled â€Å"Arth –Shastra†. As it has been described in the book, there prevailed logical procedures and principles in respect of labor organizations such as Shreni or guild system and co-operative sector. The wages were paid strictly in terms of quantity and quality of work turned out and punishment were imposed for unnecessarily delaying the work or spoiling it. The concept of â€Å"Varnasharam† or caste system was originally based on these principles . The individuals who used to earn their livelihood by engaging themselves in activities such as teaching, sacrifices or state management were designated as Brahmins while those specializing in fighting were termed as Kshatiyas. From the 14th century B. C. to the later half of the 10th century A. D. , the relationships between the employer and employees were marked by justice and equity. As regards Indian economy in Mediaeval India, although there was a lull because of numerous foreign aggressions for around 700 years, during the Mughal rules, the Indian trade and commerce were revived. Several â€Å"Karkhanas† were established at Agra, Delhi, Lahore, Ahmedabad and various other places. The Plantation Act of 1863 makes provisions that if the workers failed to complete their period of contract, they should be imprisoned for a period not exceeding three months. Explicitly, the working conditions in the tea plantations were extremely bad. Accordingly, the workers were entirely helpless in the face of the organized and powerful European planters. In 1905, the printers’ Union at Calcutta and in 1907, the Postal Union at Bombay was established. In 1922, the indentured labor system involving migration of India Labor to other countries on contract basis was abolished as a result of a strong National movement. In the same year, the Central Labor Board was established to federate the different unions in the Bombay city and the All India Trade Union Congress was organized. It may be noted that the reliable statistics of trade union growth are not available for the period before the formal implementation of the Indian Trade Unions Act, 1926. Betw2een 1939-40 and 1944-45 the number of registered trade unions increased from 666 to 865. During period 1947-1960 industrial employment rose by 2. 8 times, the total claimed union membership also went up by 2. 3 times. In 1960, 45 percent of the total industrial workforce was claimed to be unionized. Today, the total membership is estimated to be around 4. 3 million i. e. 28 percent of total workforce. MB0027 Human Resource Management Assignment 1 Answer the following questions: Q1:Elaborate on the evolution of Human Resource Management. Ans: Kautilya provides a systematic treatment of management of human resources as early as 4th century B. C. in his treatise titled â€Å"Arth –Shastra†. As it has been described in the book, there prevailed logical procedures and principles in respect of labor organizations such as Shreni or guild system and co-operative sector. The wages were paid strictly in terms of quantity and quality of work turned out and punishment were imposed for unnecessarily delaying the work or spoiling it. The concept of â€Å"Varnasharam† or caste system was originally based on these principles . The individuals who used to earn their livelihood by engaging themselves in activities such as teaching, sacrifices or state management were designated as Brahmins while those specializing in fighting were termed as Kshatiyas. From the 14th century B. C. to the later half of the 10th century A. D. , the relationships between the employer and employees were marked by justice and equity. As regards Indian economy in Mediaeval India, although there was a lull because of numerous foreign aggressions for around 700 years, during the Mughal rules, the Indian trade and commerce were revived. Several â€Å"Karkhanas† were established at Agra, Delhi, Lahore, Ahmedabad and various other places. The Plantation Act of 1863 makes provisions that if the workers failed to complete their period of contract, they should be imprisoned for a period not exceeding three months. Explicitly, the working conditions in the tea plantations were extremely bad. Accordingly, the workers were entirely helpless in the face of the organized and powerful European planters. In 1905, the printers’ Union at Calcutta and in 1907, the Postal Union at Bombay was established. In 1922, the indentured labor system involving migration of India Labor to other countries on contract basis was abolished as a result of a strong National movement. In the same year, the Central Labor Board was established to federate the different unions in the Bombay city and the All India Trade Union Congress was organized. It may be noted that the reliable statistics of trade union growth are not available for the period before the formal implementation of the Indian Trade Unions Act, 1926. Betw2een 1939-40 and 1944-45 the number of registered trade unions increased from 666 to 865. During period 1947-1960 industrial employment rose by 2. 8 times, the total claimed union membership also went up by 2. 3 times. In 1960, 45 percent of the total industrial workforce was claimed to be unionized. Today, the total membership is estimated to be around 4. 3 million i. e. 28 percent of total workforce.

Database System Basics

Database System Basics A computer system is made of different electronic components and parts that make it look complex. These fundamental components constitute a computer system that makes a computer to run effectively. The first component is the motherboard that forms a perfect platform on which internal electronic components are attached (Miller 67).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Database System Basics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The motherboard consolidates all the basic components of a computer system. All the programs and applications in a computer system are run by a component known as the central processing unit. It is impossible for a computer to execute any tasks without the central processing unit (Miller 67). A computer can only boot to the operating system courtesy of the central processing unit. A computer system can not be complete without the storage media. The Random Access Memory commonly referred to as RAM is anot her fundamental component in a computer system that is responsible for storing files and information temporarily when the computer is running. The size of the Random Access Memory determines how fast the computer responds to commands. A computer with a low Random Access Memory will run slowly even if it has a powerful central processing unit. The other storage component in a computer system is the hard disk drive. Compared to the Random Access Memory, the hard disk drive stores data for a long time. The hard disk is able to retain the stored data and information with or without power. The data in the Random Access Memory disappears the moment the computer goes off. Because of its reliability, the hard disk is used to store very important files like system files and other program files.Advertising Looking for essay on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The other components include the power supply unit that is responsible for powering the computer system and the video card that is essential in displaying images. The graphics card makes the images and pictures appearing on the computer monitor to look clear and detailed (Pearsons 53). There are various ways in which the computer interacts with users on a daily basis. The user interacts with the computer system through the input and output devices. A combination of software and hardware form what is normally referred to as the user interface. The software enables the monitor to display the output on the computer monitor (Pearsons 53). The computer system receives input from users through hardware devices like the mouse, keyboard, joystick, game controller, touch screen and other peripherals. These input devices are referred to as peripherals because they are externally attached to the computer system. After processing the input in relation to the specified command, the user receives output from the computer system via output devices . Some of the output hardware includes the monitor and the printer. Human-computer interaction requires the user to be well equipped with the relevant computing skills and knowledge to be able to navigate the computer system effectively. The user is required to have some basic knowledge in computer operating systems, computer graphics, programming, database management and computer hardware technology. The computer is very useful in the sense that it helps human beings to process and store their data in a much simpler way. Computer applications such as the internet and computer games have enhanced human- computer interactions by necessitating information retrieval, electronic commerce and entertainment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Database System Basics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Miller, Michael. Absolute Beginner’s Guide to Computer Basics. New York: Que Publishing, 2007. Print. Pearsons, June Oja Dan. New Perspectives on Computer Concepts2012: Brief. New York: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print.

Al Khwarizmi Essays

Al Khwarizmi Essays Al Khwarizmi Paper Al Khwarizmi Paper Formulas for the Future By Kyle Horn Mr. Davenport Algebra 3 9-15-10 Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-khwarizmi, was a Persian mathematician, geographer, and astronomer. He was born sometime in 780 AD in Baghdad, then later died there around 850 AD. At that time the area he lived in was the epicentre of an Islamic empire which extended from the Mediterranean all the way to India. He was a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. â€Å"The word al-Khwarizmi is pronounced in classical Arabic as Al-Khwarizmi† (bookrags) Al-khwarizmi was the author of over half a dozen astronomical books. The most remarkable was titled Al-jabr w’al muqabala , which was written around 830 AD. Al-khwarizmi did most of his research and writing in the House of Wisdom, along side other scholars. His book Al-jabr w’al muqabala is what gave the branch Al-jabr to mathematics. It is now known as algebra. â€Å"The word al-jabr is usually translated as restoring, with reference to restoring the balance in an equation by placing on one side of an equation a term that has been removed from the other. † (ms) For example 2x+2=8, the balance is restored by writing 2x=6 and then x=3. The second part of the title, al muqabala, probably meant simplification, as in the case of combining 2x+5x to obtain 7x, or by subtracting out equivalent terms from both sides of an equation†. (bookrags) In the Latin translation of al-Khwarizmis Algebra , it opens with a brief introductory statement of the positional principle for numbers and then proceeds to the solution in six short chapters of six types of quadratics: â€Å"(1) squares equal to roots, ( x2=square root of 2), (2) squares equal to numbers, ( x2 =2), (3) roots equal to numbers (square root of x = 2), (4) squares and roots equal to numbers ( ), (5) squares and umbers equal to roots ( x2+1=9), and (6) roots and numbers equal to squares ( 3x+4=x2) (members. aol. com). Chapter I covers the case of squares equal to roots, expressed in modern notation as x2+5x, x(2/3)=4x, 52+10x , giving the answers x = 5, x = 12, and x= 2 respectively. † (ms) Al-khwarizmi used the term â€Å"power† to describe a square. It is said that Al-khwarizmi describing the power of an unknown or a variable (x) designed the root as of a plant, which was the origin of the term we now use in schools and colleges. Al-khwarizmi developed the algebraic terms and condition that, after a thousand years, are still being taught in schools today. His foundation has inspired mathematicians all around the world. His book has enlightened all of us. He has impacted everything from commerce to rocket science. His studies give a way to find the unknown. Without him there is so much we would not have in this day and age. because of him we have infinite knowledge highway, or the internet. Because of him so much technology has been inspired by his works. We have the computer, ipods, tvs, cars, tractors, and airplanes. Like the Wright Brothers said, â€Å" we may have built the airplane, but math made it fly. † Who’s to say, â€Å"If Al khwarizmi hadn’t developed a system of algebra, then someone else would surely have done it. † Then again, maybe not! Maybe names like, Albert Einstein, Stephen Hawking, and Wernher Von Braun would not appear in our history books and we’d be riding horses to school and work. Many events in history have dramatically altered the paths of men and mankind, but none are any more profound than Al-khwarizmi and his insight into the practical functions and applications of algebraic formula. eb cite (history) Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi. Al-Khwarizmi Summary. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. lt;http://www-history. mcs. st-andrews. ac. uk/Mathematicians/Al-Khwarizmi. htmlgt;. (bookrags) Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi Biography. BookRags. BookRags, n. d. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. lt; bookrags. com/biography/abu-jafar-muham mad-ibn-musa-al-khwarizmi-wom/gt;. (ms) Al-khwa2. html. Al-khwa2. html. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. lt; ms. uky. edu/~carl/ma330/project2/al-khwa21. htmlgt;.